The Typhoid Fever

Typhoid Fever Alert

 

When natural disasters strike, not only do they result in damage to property and loss of lives but their aftermath often includes continuing grief over the outbreak of infectious diseases due to poor sanitation.  As the rainy season sets in, our preparation must include adequate protection against infectious diseases.  One such infection that can be prevented through immunization is typhoid fever, a disease that downed over thousand people around the world.

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Basic information about Moral-Spiritual Development

Moral-Spiritual Development

Moral-Spiritual Development

This aspect of human development is sometimes taken for granted.  Some say anybody could grasp moral-spiritual values while in the process of growing up.  However, parents and educators should not just leave the development of values to chance.  Provisions should be made in order to weigh and select intelligently behavioral reactions to situations.

Concepts in Moral-Spiritual Development

1. 1.The moral field is vast.  Moral character traits, such as honesty, cooperation, courage, etc.
2. 2. The behavior in moral is the one accepted by the society at large where one belongs.
3. 3. Moral-spiritual values are gradually developed through associations with others.
4. 4.  To choose between right and wrong is a delicate complex reaction that needs critical thinking.
5. 5.  Development of values goes hand in hand maturity and learning.

Basic information about Emotion

Basic Information About Emotion

Emotion

What is Emotion?

Emotion is a heightened state of arousal and personal feelings or it is defined as a stirred-up state of an organism involving internal responses.

What are the kinds of emotion?

1.  Fear

Fear is a response to some fear-producing stimulus.  Phobia is when fear becomes irrational and takes on compelling properties.  Example: Claustrophobia or the fear of closed spaces.

2.  Anger

Anger may vary from being modestly “worked-up” to being “bitter” enrage or infuriated.  This may initiated additional responding such as hostility, aggressions, or regressions.

3.  Pleasure

Pleasure ranges from simple reactions of delight or fun to state experiences of love. For example: hugging, kissing, smiling, and laughing.

What are the General Characteristics of Emotion?

1.  Indicator of Emotion

Gestures, postures, facial expressions and movements may be used to help understand the emotion being expressed.

2.  Physiological Changes

The physiological changes such as a GST (Galvanic Skin Response): increased heart rate, breathing pattern, blood pressure and perspiration are measures which are often interpreted as indicators of emotion.

3.  Emotion as Response

This implies that emotions are responses to the provoking stimuli.

4.  Stimulus Identification

Stimulus identification because of much subjectivity, the stimulus that generated the response must be accurately evaluated.  Example: Tears, is it always an emotional response?  Chopping onions can cause tears.  Lose eyes can also cause tears.

5.  Anthromorphism

Anthomorphism is attributing human characteristics to a lower organism.  Example: when the dog wags its tail because you gave him food, this does not necessarily mean that dog is happy.  It is more appropriate to say that the dog responded with tail-wagging.

What are the Theories about Emotion?

1. James Lange Theory

This theory maintains that bodily changes are primarily antecedent to the mental state (not the sequence from situation to bodily disturbances to the mental state).  Example:  We would not say that “We meet a lion, run and are frightened.” Similarly, we feel sad because we cry, afraid because we tremble.

2.  Cannon-Bard

A reinforcement of Cannon-Daua of the well-know hypothalamic views:

• One perceives a situation to be a fearful one.
• Hypothalamus is aroused and sends impulses to the brain (cerebral cortex) and to the various part of the body.
• Thus, we have the knowing and feeling of fear at the same time, that we have bodily changes and action of going away.  Example: “You see a bear, becomes frightened and run away”.

3.  Dollard and Miller’s Frustration-aggression Hypothesis

The aggression hypothesis states that when a goal is blocked or thwarted, anger and aggression may the results.  It means that when one is frustrated he can be aggressive.  But not all aggressions result to frustration.

What are the Two Types of Frustrations?

A.  Personal Frustrations

Personal frustrations result from personal insufficiencies such as inadequate intelligence, lack of physical strength, disabling disease or other handicaps.

B.  Environmental Frustrations

Environmental frustrations are obstacle through the restriction imposed by people, those caused by nature such as flood, typhoons, earthquakes, rugged mountains, and etc.

Basic information about Moral-Spiritual Development

Moral-Spiritual Development

Moral-Spiritual Development

This aspect of human development is sometimes taken for granted.  Some say anybody could grasp moral-spiritual values while in the process of growing up.  However, parents and educators should not just leave the development of values to chance.  Provisions should be made in order to weigh and select intelligently behavioral reactions to situations.

Concepts in Moral-Spiritual Development

1. 1. The moral field is vast.  Moral character traits, such as honesty, cooperation, courage, etc.
2. 2.  The behavior in moral is the one accepted by the society at large where one belongs.
3. 3. Moral-spiritual values are gradually developed through associations with others.
4. 4. To choose between right and wrong is a delicate complex reaction that needs critical thinking.
5. 5. Development of values goes hand in hand maturity and learning.

Basic information about Motor Development

Motor Development

Motor Development

Motor refers to the movement such as walking, swimming, grasping and so on.  Some of the babies are slow but some fast, however motor skills appear in a definite order.

There is a definite pattern of development from month to month and year to year.  The infant lifts his head before he sits.  The patter is similar for all children and each infant passes through the same step in the course of his development.  The patter is uniform as a result of maturity.

Once the child has mastered standing and walking alone and act of getting about, he progresses rapidly to more advanced skills, like jumping, skipping, running, etc.  He develops speed and accuracy and begins to coordinate all these skills into more complex activities.

Some Probable Causes of Delayed Motor Development

1.      Sickness

Polio is an infectious disease caused by a virus that infects the spinal cord.

2.      Malnutrition

When the child is deprived or lacking in Calcium, Phosphorous and Vitamin D, Minerals and Vitamins that nourish the bones, then the child’s motor development is delayed.

3.      Obesity

The excessive fatty tissue, maybe a hindrance to his motor activities as it tends to limit his activities because the pull of the weight is disproportionate to his body constituents.

4.      Lack of Opportunity for Motor Activity

The playpen limits the space area for him to explore the motor activities.

5.      Over-protectiveness

Too much carrying of the child will not give him freedom to move around.

Basic information about the development of an individual

The Development of an Individual

Growth Trends

Directions of Development or Growth Trends

1.  Cephalo-caudal

The Cepahlo-caudal or from head to foot direction of development as for example in the development of the fetus, the head develops before the legs assume their final form.  Then after birth, the head is proportionately bigger then the lower extremities, but later the lower extremities will be proportional the head region.

2.  Proximo-distal

The proximo-distal or from a centax-outward direction of development is where the central parts of the body mature earlier the becoming functional before those toward the periphery.  This is shown in the use of trunk and shoulder region when a child tries to grasp objects.  The shoulders develop before the arms and the hands, the palm develop before the fingers.

Techniques, Methods and Instruments used in Studying Children

1.  Longitudinal Method

The Longitudinal Method studies an individual or a group of children for a certain period of time.  These same groups of selected children are observed repeatedly over an extended period of time. It may start from the conception period of ten years.  Recorded observations and test results are necessary.  These observations and test may be done daily, weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly or annually.

2.  Cross-Sectional Method

The Cross-Sectional Method is the investigator administers test or battery of test all at once to children of different ages.  (In this case, not the same children are used to take series of test repeatedly).  Tthe children of different chronological ages of mental ages or grade placements ages take the test at the time.  Comparisons of the performances of the children of different ages, chronological ages, mental age, grade placement age or a combination of these ages are made.

3.  Restrospective Method

The Restrospective Method is the special method thereby parents or other significant adults (such as teachers) are asked to recollect events from some past-time concerning some individual.  It may be taken into account though that recollections and memories may be distorted or incomplete.

Basic information about Physical Development

Physical Development

Physical Development

Puberty is the time when the sex organs mature and boys and girls become capable of reproducing their kind.  With genital development, the boy produces sperms and girl mature ovum.  For girls this usually occurs between 11-13 years; for boys 14-16.  In girls, this is signaled by the coming of the first menstrual flow, in boys the equivalent could be nocturnal emissions (seminal flow) also called “wet dreams”.

Concepts of Physical Growth and Development

1. 1.  Physical growth occurs continuously from conception to full maturity.
2. 2.  Physical growth and development follows a general uniform pattern.  But there are some irregular fluctuations between males and females.
3. 3.  Growth of the individual is often unstable.
4. 4. There are unique individual patterns of growth.  Example: teeth at birth, precocious maturity.