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Wednesday, March 26, 2025

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development


Cognitive Development
Cognition of understanding is dependent on the child’s readiness to understand himself and his environment.  This comes from the Uvel of maturation of the brain and the rest of the nervous system and of his senses development are the intelligence of the child opportunity given to him to explore and manipulate his environment and the conditions of the sense of organs.



Stage of Cognitive Development According to Joan Pacet


1. Sensory Motor

The Sensory Motor is the stage from birth to 2 years wherein the object exists for him only so long as he senses it.  He organizes what he can see, hear, grasp or suck.  What he cannot see or hear or touch does not seem to exist to him.  While in early infancy, he can suck objects brought to his mouth, later he learns to grasp the object and bring it to his mouth. 

2. Prepartional Stage

Prepartional stage is from 2 to 7 years.  This is subdivided into two:
  1. Preconceptional stage (2-4)
  2. Intuitive stage (4.7)

Here he relies on overt actions.  He cannot think without acting.  He develops a new capacity called “representation”.  He can think some actions even though they are not performed, events when they are not happening; and objects although they are not present.  He begins to be able to represent the external internally with symbols, like words.  The pre-operational child thinking is centered on himself/herself, not because he is selfish, but because he does not know the other viewpoints exists.

3. POS Concrete Operational Stage 

During the POS concrete operational stage (7-11 years).  The child’s thinking is more similar to the adult’s in some ways.  He can retrace his thoughts, correct himself, and start again if necessary.  Thinking at this stage is characterized by three logical operations:
  • Combining
  • Reversing
  • forming association
However, the child still thinks in terms of the concrete not abstract.

4.  Formal operational stage  

The Formal operational stage is at the age of (11-15 years).  The adolescent can search for and reach a general rule through the use of logic.  He learns to understand things through cause and effect and to develop concepts.  Abstract concepts become understandable and child can generalize from one situation to another.







The Psychoses

The Psychoses

Psychoses

Psychoses are serious forms of mental illness characterized by withdrawal into the private world by beliefs and percepts not experienced by other.

Psychoses maybe classified as organic and somatogenic and functional or psychogenic.

The Organic Psychoses

Organic Psychoses are those ailments caused by changes in the brains or central nervous system as senile dementia which is attributable to the deterioration of the aged.

The Four (4) Types of Organic Psychoses


  1. 1.      Psychosis associated with infectious disease
  2. 2.      Psychosis associated with toxins or alcohol
  3. 3.      Psychosis associated with head injuries
  4. 4.      Psychosis associated with old age

The Functional Psychoses

Functional Psychosis is a serious mental illness or disorder involving the total personality with no observable tissue damage.  Having organic basis, these ailments are believed to result from users of living under emotional stress.

Types of Functional Psychosis


  1. 1.      Schizophrenia – also name dementia praecox by Emil Kraeplin, a German psychiatrist.  Bleuler named it as the splitting of the mind.
  2. 2.      Affective Reactions of Manic depressive psychoses are characterized by period of depressions of elation or both.

The Five (5) Types of Schizophrenia


  1. 1.      Simple
  2. 2.      Hebephrenic
  3. 3.      Catatonic
  4. 4.      Paranoid
  5. 5.      Schizo-affective


The usual symptoms of Schizophrenia


  1. 1.      Disorganized patterns of feelings and thinking in which there is no logic, or reason in the thoughts and feelings expressed.
  2. 2.      Apathy of absence of feelings and emotions.
  3. 3.      Bizarre actions which may include absurd and eccentric gestures or such activities as self decorating.
  4. 4.      Seclusiveness of narrowing of interests and social contacts.
  5. 5.      Disorganized pattern of speech
  6. 6.      Delusions and hallucinations
  7. 7.      Deteriorations of conduct and personal habit.



The Neurosis

The Neurosis

Neurosis Mental Disorder
Neurosis is a mental disorder characterized by incomplete insight into the nature of difficulties or conflicts.

The Nine (9) General Characteristics of Neurosis


  1. 1.  Presence of Anxiety – there is a feeling of dread, fearful anticipation and apprehensiveness in most routine circumstances.
  2. 2.   Inability to function at capacity.  The neurotic fails to realize his potentials and frequency fails miserably in his achievements efforts.
  3. 3. Rigid or repetitive behavior – incapable of learning new means of adjusting the life’s problems.
  4. 4.  Egocentricity – self-preoccupied and fails to distinguish that there are other people in his environment.  He tends to exortanly selfish.
  5. 5.  Hypersensitivity – inability to tolerate criticism
  6. 6.   Immaturity – failure to develop mature emotions and motivational pattern.
  7. 7.  Somatic Complaints – physical ailment which is psychogenically oriented and has therefore no organic or psychogenic basic.
  8. 8.  Unhappiness – feelings of loneliness of being hurt, of missing the good things in life.
  9. 9.  Unconscious motivation – awareness of reality is colored by unconsciousness, fears and hostilities.

Types of Neurotic Reactions

A)      Anxiety Neurosis – this manifests itself principally in feelings for which there seems to be no specific basis on reality.

B)      Hysterical Neurosis – this is a kind of adjustment through conversion of illness.

C)      Dissociative Neurosis – the patient’s flight is into the awareness rather than into sickness
1        Amnesia – forgetting
2        Fugue – leaves his original environment and takes a new one.
3        Multiple Personality – two or more personality
4        Somnambulism – sleepwalking or any activity that takes place while asleep.
D)      Phobic Reaction – irrational fear or dread of person, objects, acts or situation.

  1. 1        Agoraphobia – fear of open places
  2. 2        Claustrophobia – fear of closed places
  3. 3        Acrophobia – fear of heights
  4. 4        Germophobia – fear of germs
  5. 5        Hematophobia – fear of blood
  6. 6        Zoophobia – fear of animals
  7. 7        Xenophobia – fear of strangers
  8. 8        Pathophobia – fear of disease
  9. 9        Tapophobia – fear of being buried alive
  10. 10    Cheimophobia – fear of cold
  11. 11    Electrophobia – fear of electricity
  12. 12    Astrophobia – fear of lightning / thunder
E)      Obsessive / Compulsive

  1. 1     Obsession – irrational thought which persistently forces into consciousness.
  2. 2     Compulsion – irrational act, which a person is compelled to carry out
F)       Depressive / Neurotic Depression nor Reactive Depression – is precipitated by saddening stress situation or bereavement


G)      Hypochindrial Reaction – pre-occupation with bodily processes.





List of 6 Foods for the Healthy Heart

List of Foods For The Healthy Heart


Studies showed that Heart disease is the leading killing disease in countries like the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. 


This disease includes: Coronary heart disease, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiovascular disease, Ischaemic heart disease, Heart Failure, Hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, Valvular heart disease and the like. 

However, we can reduce the risk of heart disease as much as 85 percent by turning into healthy lifestyle.  Be active everyday and exercise regularly; refrain from vices like smoking, alcoholic drinking and drugs; eating well and balance diet; and proper stress management.

As an added tip, here is the list of healthy foods which are good for the heart. These are readily available in the market, affordable and taste delicious.

Grilled Salmon


Grilled Salmon (Salmonidae):

Freshly cut and grilled salmon is savory and delicious.  It is the best source of vitamins B6 and B12, omega-3 and other important nutrients. We all knew that the omega-3 fatty acids in oily fish like salmon and trout help reduce coronary artery disease. We must eat at least two four-ounce servings of fish a week as being recommended by experts.  Following the recommended dietary tips will lessen the risk of heart diseases.

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)

This is a flowering plant that belongs to the ginger family which rhizomes yellow or orange in color.  This herb is the main ingredient of curry powder which has medicinal value and powerful anti-inflammatory effect on the body. So, this is good for against inflammatory heart disease. It has also claims of strong vitamin C and E. Don’t forget to include this in your cuisine for the needed health benefits.

                                                         Beans (Leguminosae)

Beans (Leguminosae)

We all knew that fiber is needed by our body to eliminate clogging and enhance good blood circulation.  Beans have tons of fiber in beans which help reduce high cholesterol that causes major risk factor for cardiovascular problems. Bean is rich in fiber, protein folate, iron, potassium, manganese, magnesium copper and other nutrients.



Pomegranates (Punica Granatum)

Pomegranates (Punica Granatum):

Studies proved that Pomegranate juice has four times the antioxidants than tea or coffee.  It is good fighter of heart disease and rich of nutrients and phytochemicals (beta carotene).  Also great source of vitamin C, Vitamin B5, potassium, antioxidant,
(Punicalagins & polyphenols).

Dark Green Vegetables


Dark Green Vegetables:

Full of nutrients, Folate, Vitamin A, C, K, Calcium and other important nutrients are found in dark green and leafy vegetables that can slash your risk of high blood pressure.  Some of these veggies are: broccoli, spinach, Arugula, Chicory, Collard Greens, Dandelion Greens, Kale, Mustard Greens, Spinach, Swiss Chard, etc.  Think about this and plan you delicious menus.

Olive Oil (Olea Europaes)

Olive oil (Olea Europaea):

Olive oil is rich heart disease fighter nutrients such as monounsaturated fats, omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids that reduce risk of coronary heart disease.  It is also good source of Vitamin E and Vitamin K, important nutrients and other anti-oxidants.  Be in habit of using olive oil in cooking, sautéing veggies and salad dressing.  Enjoy your dishes.

Be vigilant of what you eat.  Check and take care of you heart and your health.  Live healthy and happy ;)


Swine Flu: Influenza A(H1N1)

What is Influenza A(H1N1)?



Influenza A(H1N1)
is a new strain of virus that has resulted from the re-assortment of four viruses from swine (pigs), birds and human beings. It can further cause pneumonia which can be fatal. As of the moment, there’s no vaccine yet that has been discovered to protect humans.


What are the Sign and Symptoms of Influenza A(H1N1) in Human beings?

1. Symptoms like that of the flu such as:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle pain
  • Joint pain
  • Lack of appetite
  • Runny nose
  • Sore throat
  • Cough


2. In some cases, it has been reported to have diarrhea nausea and vomiting.

What are the Mode of Transmission of Influenza A(H1N1)?



  • Exposure to droplets from the cough and sneeze of the infected persons.
  • By touching mouth, nose or eyes after getting in contact with the infected person (s) or contaminated object (s).


What are Preventive Measures for Influenza A(H1N1)?


  1. Use tissue to cover your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing
  2. The tissue that had been used must be immediately and properly disposed.
  3. Hands must be frequently sanitized through proper hand-washing soap and water.
  4. Using alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
  5. You must avoid close contact with the person who is exhibiting flu-like symptoms.
  6.  Increase body resistance and strengthen your immune system by:


  • Sleeping at least 8 hours regularly
  • Managing Stress
  • Drinking plenty of fluids
  • Eating Nutritious foods


Important Note:
Influenza A(H1N1) is not transmitted by eating thoroughly cooked pork.

Be responsible!
Be vigilant!
Be healthy!
If you have any of the above-mentioned signs and symptoms, immediately consult a doctor!





5 Foods that Keep You Thin

Foods That Keeps You Thin



It's true: Apples can help you stay thin. (Thinkstock)
Take a look around any book store, and you'll find dozens of diet books lining the shelves. Despite their bright and cheerful covers, with their positive, upbeat claims, many of them are filled with information that promotes all the wrong messages.

"The word 'diet' is negative and implies people can go on and off them," said Jane Korsberg, a senior instructor in the department of nutrition at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

Korsberg is one nutritionist who thinks it would be better to re-think the whole concept of dieting.

"'Diet foods' are confusing to many people," she explained. "What diet is the 'diet food' geared for? Is it low-calorie, low-fat, low-sodium, low-sugar, gluten-free, et cetera?"

Besides, many of the foods that specifically target dieters seem to rarely satisfy. Take those 100-calorie snack packs; for example, made to help people control calories. Those often don't even work, Korsberg says. After all, few people actually stop at only one pack.

You don't need fancy plans or complicated point systems to be thin. All you need to do is make smart food choices, watch your portion sizes and stay active.

"Learning to eat properly for a lifetime is more beneficial," Korsberg said. "The emphasis should be on choosing healthful foods every day and changing lifestyles for the better."

So instead of sticking to diet fare, fill up on nutritious, wholesome foods. And if you need some recommendations, you can start with these five options, which are among the many delicious foods that make a good addition to healthy eating while keeping you slender.
Apples

Apples

Apples are a good source of dietary fiber. Dietary fiber not only contributes to a healthy digestive system and reduced cholesterol, but it also benefits smart eaters by yielding no calories while keeping them satisfied.

And there's something else about the fruit that might help you feel full. A study in the journal "Appetite" found that when women added either three apples or three pears to their daily meals, they lost more weight than people who added three oat cookies to their diets -- even though the fruit and the cookies contained the exact same amount of dietary fiber.

Although the reason behind this finding may be a mystery, there is something to be said for the findings. According to Alan Aragon, a nutritionist and author of "Girth Control: The Science of Fat Loss & Muscle Gain," crunchy foods in particular can trick a person into feeling fuller. The act of chewing may send satiety signals to your body, he says, making you think you've eaten more than you really have and keeping hunger at bay.

Almonds

Almonds

If you're looking for a tasty midday snack, a handful of almonds are a well-regarded option. A study in 2009 in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" found that women who ate nuts at least two times a week were more successful at keeping weight off than those who didn't eat this food.

One particular favorite among some nutritionists is almonds, says Aragon. One ounce of this food contains only 167 calories, plus it packs roughly 6 g of protein and 3 g of fiber, both nutrients that can make you feel full. Furthermore, like apples, almonds are crunchy and require a lot of chewing, so they, too, can make you feel like you've eaten more than you actually did and keep you fuller longer.

Salmon

Salmon

If you're uncertain about fish, there's no need to fear. Seafood can be part of a healthy diet. And there's some evidence that the fat in foods such as salmon can boost satiety levels, says Aragon. For example, a study published in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate salmon a few times a week, they lost about two more pounds than those who didn't include seafood in their meals.

And in spite of the mention of salmon's fat content, the food is relatively low in calories. One 3-oz. serving has just 175 calories. Salmon is a good source of protein as well.

Eggs
Eggs

There's no doubt that protein, like fiber, has impressive satiating powers. And while eggs seem to have a bad reputation in some circles, there can be no contesting their ability to help keep your weight in check.

Research has shown that eating eggs at breakfast can help you fight weight gain all day long. A study reported in 2008 in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate two eggs for breakfast for five days out of the week, they lost 65 percent more weight than dieters who consumed a bagel in the morning. Although protein is likely to fill you up whenever you eat it, some scientists suspect that having more in the morning can keep you feeling fuller all day long.

Tomatoes

Tomatoes

It's true that most veggies make for great diet fare. Non-starchy vegetables in particular, such as carrots, celery and spinach, are filled with fiber. Like other foods high in fiber, they can help keep you feeling satiated.

Plus, they're pretty self-regulating, says Aragon. You can't really overeat with nonstarchy vegetables. After all, how many baby carrots can a person eat without needing to dunk them in some ranch dressing?

So while there are many veggies that can help you stay slim, tomatoes might be a particularly good option because they're so tasty. And, besides, with that whole a-tomato-is-a-vegetable-no-it's-a-fruit argument, you might have forgotten all about eating them. One cup of cooked, red tomatoes contains just 43 calories, but tastes just as delicious as any number of high-calorie foods.

And that's at least half the secret, finding foods that are both healthy and tasty. The good thing is, they do exist. Over time, you'll discover what wholesome, filling foods you prefer, expanding your choices while shrinking your waistline. 

By: Kristin McGrath



Bird Flu (Avian Influenza AH5N1)

Bird Flu (Avian Influenza AH5N1)



The Bird flu or avian influenza is one of the most infectious diseases of birds. The degree of danger of this illness is ranging from mild to severe. Theirs is no exception for this disease in the family of birds as all species of birds are vulnerable to bird flu. All some of the species of birds are more resistant to infection, still they are all susceptible and carrier of this disease. And the fact, people are also greatly affected because some kinds of the bird flu can infect and cause illness to human beings.


What are the main causes who are the source of bird flu?


Bird flu is primarily caused by influenza or by the union of different subtypes of virus that affecting chickens, ducks, turkeys, and other kinds of birds. These viruses can cause mild disease at the start, however, they can mutate into another kinds viruses that are very dangerous because they are serious and highly pathogenic in nature.

At the moment, all epidemic outbreaks are highly pathogenic and the recent for of disease was caused by Influenza AH5N1 virus which was severe disease and dangerous to humans.

What is the way of transmission of bird flu to chickens and other birds?

Direct contact with discharges from infected birds, especially feces and respiratory secretions

The process how bird flu spreads within the country?


Domestic birds can get the infection when they:

  • roam freely
  • share water supply with wild birds
  • use a water supply that might be contaminated by infected droppings
  • Contaminated equipment, vehicles, feeds, cages, or clothing, especially shoes can carry the virus from farm to farm
  • Wet markets where live chickens and other birds are sold under crowded and sometimes unsanitary conditions


How is bird flu transmitted to humans?

Bird flu is transmitted to humans from direct or indirect contact with infected wild ducks and chickens through infected aerosols, discharges and surfaces.

A person handling or taking care infected chickens or came near or inside a poultry or market where there are sick chickens can inhale the particles from dried discharges or feces with the bird flu virus.

Discharges can get in contact with the nose or eyes of a person handling infected chickens.

There is no reported case of bird flu in humans after handling dressed chicken. Since the virus is easily inactivated by heat, one does not get bird flu from thoroughly cooked chicken meat.
There is no evidence of human-to- human transmission.

Why are we concerned with bird flu?

There are a number of reasons why we are concerned with bird flu:

  • Bird flu or Avian influenza (AI) causes serious illness and death in humans
  • Avian and human influenza viruses can recombine to form a totally new influenza
  • A virus which is capable of spreading from person to person and from which the human population do not have protection
  • AI causes severe epidemics and mass death of chickens affecting the poultry industry.


What are the signs and symptoms of bird flu in chickens?

Infection causes a wide spectrum of symptoms in birds, ranging from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease resulting in severe epidemics.

  • Decrease in activity
  • Decrease in activity
  • Drastic decline in egg production
  • Facial swelling with swollen and bluish-violet colored combs and wattles
  • Hemorrhages on internal membrane surfaces
  • Virus isolation needed for definitive diagnosis
  • Gasping for breath
  • Muscle
  • Weakness/paralysis
  • Diarrhea
  • Sudden deaths (mortality that can reach 100%)


What are the signs and symptoms of bird flu in humans?

Bird flu is very similar to other influenza viruses. Initial symptoms are:

  • Fever
  • Muscle weakness and/or pain
  • Sore throat and cough
  • Sore eyes (conjunctivitis) is seen in some patients
  • Causes of death and complications are:
  • Severe viral pneumonia
  • Respiratory distress syndrome
  • Multi-organ failure


Since there are so many cases of influenza, pneumonia or any other respiratory illness, when does one suspect that the patient is a case of bird flu?

The suspects that a patient with influenza or pneumonia or any other respiratory illness is a case of bird flu avian influenza if the patient has had direct or indirect contact through handling or having taken care or getting near sick chickens or other birds.

Laboratory confirmation of the bird flu infection and epidemiologic link with unusual death or epidemics of chickens will support the diagnosis of bird flu.

What is the treatment of bird flu?

Treatment for H5N1 infection is essentially the same as for other influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs, some of which can be used for both treatment and prevention, are clinically effective against influenza A virus strains in otherwise healthy adults and children, but have some limitations. Some of these drugs are also expensive and supplies are limited.

Is there a vaccine against bird flu?

No. The vaccine currently available against the circulating strains in humans will not protect from the disease caused by H5N1. However, it is recommended for individuals who are potentially exposed to bird flu like poultry handlers, workers and breeders to prevent recombination of avian with the human influenza virus.

How do we prevent bird flu?

The ban on importation of live chickens and other poultry products from countries affected with bird flu is a critical step to prevent the entry of bird flu into the country.

For poultry caretakers and handlers of chickens and other birds:

  • Avoid contact of poultry with wild birds, in particular waterfowl
  • Control human traffic into poultries
  • Practice proper hand washing and cleaning and disinfection procedures in poultries
  • Report to authorities any unusual death or illness of chickens and other birds
  • Report to authorities any illness among the workers in poultry farms


For the general public:

  • Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water before and after handling chicken meat
  • Clean kitchen surfaces and utensils before and after use
  • Cook chicken well by seeing to it that the boiling temperature is reached
  • Do not sell live chickens in the market while there is a threat of bird flu.
  • Do not let chickens roam freely. Keep them in cages or pens.
  • Do not place chickens, ducks and pigs together in one area, cage or pen.
  • Do not catch, get near or keep in captivity wild birds.
  • Report to authorities any unusual death or illness of chickens and other birds
  • Report to authorities any case of respiratory illness with history of exposure to sick or dead chickens and other birds

What should Local Government Officials do?


  • Monitor and apprehend smuggling activities and illegal trading of poultry like game fowl, breeders and wild birds coming from countries affected by bird flu.
  • Pass and enforce local ordinances on the ff:
  • o prohibition of live chickens in the market while there is a threat of bird flu
  • o not allowing chickens to roam freely
  • o prohibition of placing chickens, ducks and pigs together in one area, cages or pens
  • Provide correct information to the community.
  • Advise public not to catch, get near or keep in captivity wild birds
  • Coordinate with the local agricultural office for any unusual death or sickness of chicken and other fowl.
  • Coordinate with the nearest health worker for any suspected case of bird flu.
  • Coordinate with Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) on smuggling, trading or capture of wild birds by an individual.


Is it safe to travel to countries affected with bird flu?

Bird flu is not transmitted from one person to another. Individuals at risk are those are directly or indirectly exposed to sick chickens and other fowl. The government thereby advises travelers to countries affected with bird flu not to go to bird parks (aviaries), poultry farms or market where live poultry is sold.